The Publication Series

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2025
271 pages.
First published on 1 December 2025.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-288-1.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-289-8.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/47-gmes.
Topic: In this collection of essays, Gunnar M. Ekeløve-Slydal examines the efficacy and philosophical justification of international criminal law norms prohibiting war crimes, crimes against humanity, aggression and genocide. Six essays probe the discipline’s foundations: an existentialist critique of the superior orders defence; how religious leaders can counter hate speech; Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarian vision of international law; Sir Thomas More as an exemplar of integrity in justice; Norway’s past wrongdoing against its Romani and Sámi populations viewed through the prism of modern international law; and case-law shifts that shook the ICTY’s credibility. Throughout, the author argues that law matters – humanitarian and human rights norms demonstrably reduce violence when courts act with integrity and legitimacy.
Keywords: International criminal law; norm efficacy and justification; defence of superior orders; integrity in international justice; Jeremy Bentham; religious hate speech; Romani and Sámi rights in Norway; International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2025
216 pages.
First published on 24 October 2025.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-255-3.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-275-1.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/46-song.
Topic: This monograph by Song Tianying interrogates a founding assumption of international criminal justice: that war crimes law rests on cosmopolitan moral foundations. Integrating criminal law theory, moral philosophy, moral psychology and war studies, she traces how a law addressed to rational, autonomous individuals collides with the realities of military institutions and combat – obedience, group solidarity, desensitization and moral disengagement. Rather than abandoning the cosmopolitan project, she proposes remedies: incorporating the soldier’s cognitive environment into the ‘manifest illegality’ standard, recalibrating leader and institutional responsibility, and prosecuting the crime of aggression.
Keywords: Cosmopolitan war crimes law; international criminal law; human agency in war; moral psychology of war crimes; superior orders and manifest illegality; military institutions and atrocity; crime of aggression.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2023
977 pages.
First Edition published on 6 December 2023.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-208-9.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-209-6.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/45-klamberg-nilsson-angotti.
Topic: This volume of the Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court (‘CLICC’) provides a rule-by-rule commentary on the ICC Rules of Procedure and Evidence – the procedural counterpart to the Rome Statute and a body of law rarely given dedicated, systematic treatment. Twenty expert practitioners and scholars analyse each Rule’s interpretation and application, drawing on preparatory works, case law and scholarship. Completing CLICC’s coverage of the Court’s core legal texts alongside its two Statute volumes, this open-access commentary is continuously updated through CILRAP’s Lexsitus platform, a certified digital public good also available in Arabic, French and Persian (among others).
Keywords: ICC Rules of Procedure and Evidence; Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court (CLICC); International Criminal Court; Rome Statute; international criminal procedure; Lexsitus open-access legal commentary; evidence in international criminal trials.
Contributors: Aloka Wanigasuriya, Anna Oehmichen, Antonio Angotti, Carl-Friedrich Stuckenberg, Dejana Radisavljević, Enrique Carnero-Rojo, Geoff Roberts, Iryna Marchuk, Jenia Iontcheva Turner, Jonas Nilsson, Juan Pablo Pérez-León-Acevedo, Julia Dornbusch, Karel De Meester, Mark Klamberg, Mayeul Hiéramente, Melinda Taylor, Michael Stiel, Mohamed Abdou, Sergey Vasiliev, Sophie Rigney, Wenke Brückner, Zhang Yueyao.
Related content:
231205 UN Web TV recording of presentation of the book at UNHQ.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2023
1,122 pages.
The Second Edition was published in two volumes on 6 December 2023.
The First Edition was published in one volume on 29 April 2017.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-206-5.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-207-2.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/44-klamberg-nilsson-angotti-second.
Topic: This second of two volumes of the Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court (CLICC) provides article-by-article analysis of Parts 5–13 of the Rome Statute, covering the Court’s operation in practice: investigation and prosecution, the trial, penalties, appeal and revision, international co-operation and judicial assistance, enforcement of sentences, the Assembly of States Parties, financing, and final clauses. Twenty-three expert contributors combine concise interpretation with extensive references to case law, preparatory works and scholarship. This second edition, an open-access digital public good, is continuously updated online through CILRAP’s Lexsitus platform, a certified digital public good also available in Arabic, French and Persian (among others).
Keywords: Rome Statute; Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court (CLICC); International Criminal Court; ICC investigation and prosecution; international criminal procedure; international co-operation and judicial assistance; Lexsitus open-access legal commentary.
Contributors: Aloka Wanigasuriya, Anna Oehmichen, Antonio Angotti, Björn Elberling, Camilla Adell, Carl-Friedrich Stuckenberg, Dejana Radisavljević, Enrique Carnero-Rojo, Geoff Roberts, Håkan Friman, Iryna Marchuk, Jenia Iontcheva Turner, Jonas Nilsson, Juan Pablo Pérez-León-Acevedo, Karel De Meester, Karin Påle-Bartes, Karol Nowak, Mark Klamberg, Mateus Kowalski, Mayeul Hiéramente, Michael Stiel, Olle Mårsäter, Sergey Vasiliev, Song Tianying, Zhang Binxin, Zhang Yueyao.
Related content:
231205 UN Web TV recording of presentation of the book at UNHQ.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2023
1,097 pages.
The Second Edition was published in two volumes on 6 December 2023.
The First Edition was published in one volume on 29 April 2017.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-204-1.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-205-8.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/43-klamberg-nilsson-angotti-second.
Topic: This first of two volumes of the Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court (CLICC) offers article-by-article analysis of Parts 1–4 of the Rome Statute: the establishment of the ICC; jurisdiction, admissibility and applicable law – including the definitions of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and aggression; general principles of criminal law; and the composition and administration of the Court. Thirty-two expert contributors combine concise interpretation with extensive references to case law, preparatory works and scholarship. This second edition, an open-access digital public good, is continuously updated online through CILRAP’s Lexsitus platform, a certified digital public good also available in Arabic, French and Persian (among others).
Keywords: Rome Statute; Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court (CLICC); International Criminal Court; article-by-article commentary; jurisdiction and admissibility ICC; general principles of international criminal law; Lexsitus open-access legal commentary.
Contributors: Anna Andersson, Antonio Angotti, Antonio Coco, Camilla Adell, Caroline Ehlert, Dominik Zimmerman, Douglas Guilfoyle, Geert-Jan Alexander Knoops, Gerard Conway, Ignaz Stegmiller, Jonas Nilsson, Julie McBride, Kirsten Bowman, Laurel Baig, Lennart Aspegren, Letizia Lo Giacco, Linnea Kortfält, Maria Sjöholm, Marie Aronsson-Storrier, Marina Aksenova, Mark Klamberg, Matthew Gillett, Melinda Taylor, Mikaela Heikkilä, Mohamed Abdou, Mohamed Elewa Badar, Nikola R. Hajdin, Nina H.B. Jørgensen, Noëlle Quénivet, Ola Engdahl, Ruth Bonnevalle-Kok, Sally Longworth, Viljam Engström, Yassin Brunger, Yvonne McDermott Rees.
Related content:
231205 UN Web TV recording of presentation of the book at UNHQ.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2023
585 pages.
First published on 3 November 2023.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-200-3.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-201-0.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/42-interrogation/.
Topic: This anthology traces the evolution of interviewing and interrogation science since World War II, aiming to bridge the ‘dialogue of the deaf’ between researchers and practitioners. Fifty-two experts across 24 chapters review the major models of non-coercive information elicitation – from PEACE, the Scharff Technique and Strategic Use of Evidence for suspects, to the cognitive interview and NICHD protocol for victims and witnesses – alongside the neuropsychology of why torture and coercion fail. Grounded in the Méndez Principles, this anthology presents these scientifically proven, ethical interviewing techniques for careful and close attention by policing, military, security and intelligence professionals worldwide.
Keywords: Investigative interviewing; interviewing and interrogation research; non-coercive interviewing techniques; Méndez Principles; PEACE model of interviewing; cognitive interview; suspect and witness interviewing.
Contributors: Annina Heini, Carlos E. Peixoto, Christian A. Meissner, Christopher E. Kelly, David J. La Rooy, David Walsh, Deborah Davis, Emily Alison, Feni Kontogianni, Fiona Gabbert, Frances Surmon-Böhr, Gavin E. Oxburgh, Gisli H. Gudjonsson, Henry Otgaar, John Halley, Juan Méndez, Katie Maras, Kristin Ottesen Kvigne, Laura D. Farrugia, Laura Zimmerman, Lauren Grundy, Laurence J. Alison, Lee Moffett, Libby Ashurst, Lorraine Hope, Maria Hartwig, Mark Fallon, Mark L. Howe, Mark Thomson, Mattias Sjöberg, Melissa B. Russano, Nael Sumampouw, Nicci MacLeod, Nkansah Anakwah, Ole Thomas Bjerknes, Patricia Donovan, Paul J. Taylor, Pär Anders Granhag, Peter Muris, Rebecca Shaeffer, Richard A. Leo, Ronald P. Fisher, Sanne T.L. Houben, Sean Tait, Shane O’Mara, Stacey M. Conchie, Susan E. Brandon, Trond Myklebust, Tzachi Ashkenazi, Veronica Hinestroza, Wayne Thomas, Winton L. Keenen.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2026
1,103 pages.
The Persian version was first published on 31 July 2026. The English version was first published on 17 July 2023.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-305-5.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-306-2.
PURL: http://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/41-farsi/.
Topic: This anthology addresses hate speech by religious actors or in the name of religion, especially where such expression incites violence or terrorism. Its 31 chapters by 40 authors combine case studies of religion-based hate speech in Myanmar, India and the former Yugoslavia with analysis of the governing international legal framework – notably Article 20(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – and of philosophical and religious normative traditions. Contributors examine the personality, situational, colonial and socio-political factors motivating hateful expression, assess instruments such as the Rabat Plan of Action, and identify formal and informal sanctions available to religious leaders to prevent or reduce hate speech within their communities. This Persian version has been translated by more than 20 scholars from across Iran, and includes a foreword by Dr. Fereydoon Jafari, who attributes religious hatred to the political instrumentalization of faith rather than to religion itself. He encourages Iranian and other Persian speakers to engage critically with claims made herein.
Keywords: Hate speech in the name of religion; religious fundamentalism; incitement to violence; freedoms of religion and expression; ICCPR Article 20(2); role of religious leaders; Rabat Plan of Action; international human rights law; religion and violence; Farsi translation.
Contributors: Adel Maged, Ariel Merari, Bani Dugal, Claus Kreß, David Donat-Cattin, David Luban, Dorit Beinisch, Eli Salzberger, Eliyahu Stern, Emiliano J. Buis, Fania Oz-Salzberger, Fathi M.A. Ahmed, Fereydoon Jafari, Gilad Noam, Gunnar M. Ekeløve-Slydal, H.E. Ambassador Johan Vibe, H.E. Cardinal Charles M. Bo, Harleen Kaur, Ioana Cismas, Jacques P. Leider, Kishan Manocha, Laura Dellagiacoma, Madan B. Lokur, Majda Halilović, Matthias Neuner, Medha Damojipurapu, Megumi Ochi, Michael Marett-Crosby, Mohamed Elewa Badar, Mona Elbahtimy, Morten Bergsmo, Nazila Ghanea,  Peter J. Stern, Rana Moustafa Essawy, Shruti Narayan, Song Tianying, Svein Mønnesland, U Aye Lwin, U Kyaw Tin, Usha Tandon, Vincenzo Buonomo.
Related content:
230725 Article in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram about the book.
‘Marx and Religious Alienation: Remarks Further to Religion, Hateful Expression and Violence’, Ariana Razavi, PBS No. 145, 16 August 2023.
Review by Fereydoon Jafari in Journal of Peace Research (2023), 24 August 2023.
230902 The Wire, an abridged version of Chapter 6 by Justice Lokur and Ms. Narayan.
231102 Al-Ahram interview with Morten Bergsmo about PS 41.
231205 Presentation of PS 41 at a special event in UNHQ Conference Room 8 (with main statements transcribed).
231205 UN Web TV recording of presentation of the book at UNHQ.
240227 Radio Sarajevo interview with Morten Bergsmo on PS 41.
‘Peace and Reconciliation Diplomacy Challenged by Religious Hatred, Dissimulation and Denial’ [also in Arabic], Morten Bergsmo, PBS No. 149, 23 May 2024.
‘Hinduism v. Hindutva: Informal Measures to Preserve Pluralistic Values’, Sarthak Gupta, PBS No. 152, 21 June 2024.
‘Selection of Cases or Selected by Cases: Prosecutorial Ecology and Agency in Al Hassan Before the ICC’, Song Tianying, PBS No. 161, 20 December 2024.
CICJ Statement No. 7.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2023
1,146 pages.
First published on 17 July 2023.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-141-9.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-142-6.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/41-bergsmo-manocha/.
Topic: This anthology addresses hate speech by religious actors or in the name of religion, especially where such expression incites violence or terrorism. Its 31 chapters by 40 authors combine case studies of religion-based hate speech in Myanmar, India and the former Yugoslavia with analysis of the governing international legal framework – notably Article 20(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – and of philosophical and religious normative traditions. Contributors examine the personality, situational, colonial and socio-political factors motivating hateful expression, assess instruments such as the Rabat Plan of Action, and identify formal and informal sanctions available to religious leaders to prevent or reduce hate speech within their communities.
Keywords: Hate speech in the name of religion; religious fundamentalism; incitement to violence; freedoms of religion and expression; ICCPR Article 20(2); role of religious leaders; Rabat Plan of Action; international human rights law; religion and violence.
Contributors: Adel Maged, Ariel Merari, Bani Dugal, Claus Kreß, David Donat-Cattin, David Luban, Dorit Beinisch, Eli Salzberger, Eliyahu Stern, Emiliano J. Buis, Fania Oz-Salzberger, Fathi M.A. Ahmed, Gilad Noam, Gunnar M. Ekeløve-Slydal, H.E. Ambassador Johan Vibe, H.E. Cardinal Charles M. Bo, Harleen Kaur, Ioana Cismas, Jacques P. Leider, Kishan Manocha, Laura Dellagiacoma, Madan B. Lokur, Majda Halilović, Matthias Neuner, Medha Damojipurapu, Megumi Ochi, Michael Marett-Crosby, Mohamed Elewa Badar, Mona Elbahtimy, Morten Bergsmo, Nazila Ghanea, Peter J. Stern, Rana Moustafa Essawy, Shruti Narayan, Song Tianying, Svein Mønnesland, U Aye Lwin, U Kyaw Tin, Usha Tandon, Vincenzo Buonomo.
Related content:
230725 Article in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram about the book.
‘Marx and Religious Alienation: Remarks Further to Religion, Hateful Expression and Violence’, Ariana Razavi, PBS No. 145, 16 August 2023.
Review by Fereydoon Jafari in Journal of Peace Research (2023), 24 August 2023.
230902 The Wire, an abridged version of Chapter 6 by Justice Lokur and Ms. Narayan.
231102 Al-Ahram interview with Morten Bergsmo about PS 41.
231205 Presentation of PS 41 at a special event in UNHQ Conference Room 8 (with main statements transcribed).
231205 UN Web TV recording of presentation of the book at UNHQ.
240227 Radio Sarajevo interview with Morten Bergsmo on PS 41.
‘Peace and Reconciliation Diplomacy Challenged by Religious Hatred, Dissimulation and Denial’ [also in Arabic], Morten Bergsmo, PBS No. 149, 23 May 2024.
‘Hinduism v. Hindutva: Informal Measures to Preserve Pluralistic Values’, Sarthak Gupta, PBS No. 152, 21 June 2024.
‘Selection of Cases or Selected by Cases: Prosecutorial Ecology and Agency in Al Hassan Before the ICC’, Song Tianying, PBS No. 161, 20 December 2024.
CICJ Statement No. 7.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2020
652 pages.
First published on 9 November 2020.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-133-4.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-134-1.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/40-bergsmo-kaleck-kyaw.
Topic: This anthology examines whether international law – and international criminal law in particular – can offer redress for colonial wrongs. It gathers 18 chapters emerging from a 2019 Yangon conference that brought mainstream international criminal lawyers into sustained engagement with colonial grievances. Contributors analyse legal notions such as subjugation, debellatio, continuing crime and transfer of civilians, Third World Approaches to International Law and transitional justice, and the persistent problem of double standards. Case studies span Colonial Burma and contemporary Myanmar, Belgium’s role in the Great Lakes region, China’s ‘century of humiliation’, and indigenous peoples’ claims to accountability and climate justice.
Keywords: Colonial wrongs; access to international law; international criminal law; double standards in international law; Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL); Colonial Burma and Myanmar; transitional justice; indigenous peoples and colonial crimes.
Contributors: Annah Moyo, Asad G. Kiyani, Brigid Inder, Christophe Deprez, Christophe Marchand, Crépine Uwashema, Derek Tonkin, Gregory S. Gordon, Gunnar M. Ekeløve-Slydal, Hugo van der Merwe, Jacques P. Leider, Joshua Castellino, Kevin Crow, Kyaw Yin Hlaing, Ling Yan, Matthias Neuner, Morten Bergsmo, Mutoy Mubiala, Narinder Singh, Ryan Mitchell, Shannon E. Fyfe, Wolfgang Kaleck, Yang Ken.
Related content:
‘Voicing and Addressing Colonial Grievances under International Law’, Rohit Gupta, PBS No. 134, 31 August 2022.
‘Entrenched Structural Discrimination and the Environment: Recovery-Based International Law Response to Colonial Crime’, Joshua Castellino, PBS No. 140, 9 November 2022.
Review by Harshit Rai in Asian Journal of International Law (2022), pp. 1–2.
Review by Emmanuel Guematcha in African Yearbook of International Law, vol. 25 (2021–2022).

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2025
288 pages.
First published on 28 October 2025.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-281-2.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-282-9.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/39-qcfci.
Topic: The fourth volume in the Quality Control Series, this anthology addresses the quality of administrative and criminal investigations of fraud and corruption, based on the framework of the protection of the European Union’s financial interests (‘PIF’). Responding to the notable lack of research on investigative practice in white-collar crime, its chapters – co-authored by investigators, justice practitioners and academics – centre on ‘investigative thinking’: hypothesis-formulation and testing, consistency in decision-making, evidence review and presentation, and investigative planning and strategy. Particular attention is paid to the human factor, especially cognitive errors and biases, and to procedures that mitigate the limitations of human cognition in effective, quality-controlled investigations.
Keywords: Fraud and corruption investigations; quality control in criminal justice; PIF investigations; protection of the EU’s financial interests; investigative thinking; cognitive bias in investigations; OLAF; EPPO; evidence-based investigation.
Contributors: Andon Tashukov, Anna Sagana, Anton Penneman, Antonio Angotti, Carsten Stahn, Charidimos Chaloftis, Darren Frey, Georgios Kougias, Ivar Fahsing, Jorick Schreurs, Judit Tátrai, Julius Dirma, Kris Vandenberk, Marian-Vladut Cozma, Milanka Jug, Olivier Coene, Paolo Proli, Pascal Hollevoet, Simon Baechler, Susan E. Brandon, Tom Willems.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2020
1,108 pages.
First published on 9 November 2020.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-129-7.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-130-3.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/38-qcci.
Topic: This anthology offers detailed analyses of how the investigation and preparation of fact-rich cases – typically involving core international crimes, but also serious fraud, organized crime and human trafficking – can be improved in national and international jurisdictions. Its 24 chapters, framed by seven identified ‘bottlenecks’ in case-preparation, address evidence and analysis, systemic challenges in case-preparatory work-processes, investigation plans as instruments of quality control, and judicial and prosecutorial participation in investigation. With a foreword by former ICC Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda, the anthology is the third volume in the Quality Control Series, emphasizing the individual mindset and institutional culture of quality control among investigators, analysts and prosecutors.
Keywords: Quality control in criminal investigation; case preparation in international criminal justice; investigation plans; fact-rich cases; core international crimes investigation; evidence review and analysis; investigative bottlenecks; ICC investigations.
Contributors: Alf Butenschøn Skre, Antonio Angotti, Cale Davis, Carsten Stahn, Christian Axboe Nielsen, David Re, Devasheesh Bais, Eleni Chaitidou, Ewan Brown, Fatou Bensouda, Gavin E. Oxburgh, Gilad Noam, Gilbert Bitti, Gregory S. Gordon, Leïla Bourguiba, Manoj Kumar Sinha, Markus Eikel, Matthias Neuner, Moa Lidén, Morten Bergsmo, Olympia Bekou, Shreeyash U. Lalit, Simon De Smet, Thijs B. Bouwknegt, Tor-Geir Myhrer, Trond Myklebust, Usha Tandon, William H. Wiley, William Webster, Xabier Agirre Aranburu.
Related content:
Review by Gabriele Chlevickaite in Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2021, 31 October 2021, pp. 1–4.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2018
744 pages.
First published on 7 December 2018.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-127-3.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-128-0.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/37-einarsen-rikhof.
Topic: This monograph by Terje Einarsen and Joseph Rikhof presents a general theory of personal criminal liability for participation in universal crimes, that is, serious crimes committed, organized or tolerated by power structures, which violate universal values and interests. The second volume in the Einarsen series on Rethinking the Essentials of International Criminal Law and Transitional Justice, it provides a comprehensive overview of all forms of criminal participation in international law, testing its conceptual theory and liability matrix against extensive international and domestic case law, historical and current, from Nuremberg onwards. The study clarifies the boundaries of personal liability lex lata and lex ferenda, grounded in the principle of personal culpability.
Keywords: Punishable participation in universal crimes; modes of liability in international criminal law; personal culpability; universal crimes; complicity in international crimes; individual criminal responsibility; moral blameworthiness.
Related content:
181201 CILRAP Film presentation of the book with the authors and Judge Howard Morrison.
181209 Book presentation by R.J. Currie on his blog.
181210 Book presentation by Ida Bergstrøm on the web site of the University of Bergen.
190124 Book presentation on University of Ottawa, Faculty of Law web site.
190301 Question and Answer Session with Terje Einarsen and Joseph Rikhof in the Philippe Kirsch Institute Global Justice Journal.
190307 Book presentation by Terje Einarsen and Joseph Rikhof at McLaughlin College, York University, Toronto.
Review by Mark Drumbl and Lauren Hancock in Leiden Journal of International Law, vol. 33 (2019), no. 1, pp. 245–247.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2026
525 pages.
The Persian version was first published on 30 March 2026. The English version was first published on 16 December 2022.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-295-9.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-296-6.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/36-farsi.
Topic: This anthology, now available in Persian, examines the values that international criminal law protects, and those it should. Applying notions such as ‘community interest’, ‘legally-protected interest’ and the Rechtsgut (‘legal good’) doctrine, its nine chapters by 13 authors first assess currently protected interests, including ‘humanity’ as the foundation of crimes against humanity, international peace and security, and the interests protected by war crimes, before arguing that values such as ‘reconciliation’, ‘solidarity’ and the ‘unity of humankind’ deserve greater recognition amid mounting environmental and security threats. The third volume in the Philosophical Foundations of International Criminal Law series, it draws deliberately on Chinese, Indian, African, Latin American and Middle Eastern perspectives. The translation extends the anthology’s stated ambition – international criminal law-making genuinely representative of humankind – to Persian-speaking scholars, students and practitioners, at the initiative of academics in Iran.
Keywords: Philosophical foundations of international criminal law; Persian translation; legally-protected interests; international criminal law in Persian; حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی (international criminal law); مبانی فلسفی حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی (philosophical foundations); unity of humankind; Farsi legal scholarship.
Contributors: David Baragwanath, Emiliano J. Buis, Fereydoon Jafari, Ioanna N. Anastasopoulou, Kafayat Motilewa Quadri, Melody Mirzaagha, Morten Bergsmo, Rod Rastan, Salim A. Nakhjavani, Song Tianying, Surabhi Sharma, Susan R. Lamb, Tosin Osasona, Vahyala Kwaga.
Related content:
Review by Marina Aksenova in Journal of Peace Research (2023), 13 June 2023.
Review by Marina Aksenova in Nordic Journal of Human Rights (2023), 7 November 2023.
Online PFICL thematic library.
Review by Sergey Sayapin in Journal of International Criminal Justice (2024), 9 November 2024.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2022
390 pages.
First published on 16 December 2022.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-121-1.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-122-8.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/36-bergsmo-buis-song.
Topic: This anthology, the third volume in the series Philosophical Foundations of International Criminal Law, examines the values that international criminal law protects, and those it should. Applying notions such as ‘community interest’, ‘legally-protected interest’ and the Rechtsgut (‘legal good’) doctrine, its nine chapters by 13 authors first assess currently protected interests, including ‘humanity’ as the foundation of crimes against humanity, international peace and security, and the interests protected by war crimes, before arguing that values such as ‘reconciliation’, ‘solidarity’ and the ‘unity of humankind’ deserve greater recognition amid mounting environmental and security threats. It draws deliberately on Chinese, Indian, African, Latin American and Middle Eastern perspectives.
Keywords: Philosophical foundations of international criminal law; legally-protected interests; legal goods (Rechtsgut); community interests in international law; crimes against humanity; war crimes; unity of humankind; reconciliation and international criminal law; non-Western perspectives on international law.
Contributors: David Baragwanath, Emiliano J. Buis, Ioanna N. Anastasopoulou, Kafayat Motilewa Quadri, Melody Mirzaagha, Morten Bergsmo, Rod Rastan, Salim A. Nakhjavani, Song Tianying, Surabhi Sharma, Susan R. Lamb, Tosin Osasona, Vahyala Kwaga.
Related content:
Review by Marina Aksenova in Journal of Peace Research (2023), 13 June 2023.
Review by Marina Aksenova in Nordic Journal of Human Rights (2023), 7 November 2023.
Online PFICL thematic library.
Review by Sergey Sayapin in Journal of International Criminal Justice (2024), 9 November 2024.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2019
333 pages.
First published on 21 February 2019.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-119-8.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-120-4.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/35-bergsmo-buis.
Topic: This anthology, the second volume in the series Philosophical Foundations of International Criminal Law, zooms in on foundational concepts and principles of the discipline, exploring their hinterland beyond traditional doctrinal discourse. Its eight chapters examine justificatory pluralism and the open normativity of international criminal justice, sovereignty, ‘global’ criminal justice through Justice Radhabinod Pal’s thought, international criminal responsibility for individuals as a transformation of international law, punishment, impunity and truth.
Keywords: Philosophical foundations of international criminal law; foundational concepts; theory of international criminal law; sovereignty and international criminal law; global criminal justice; impunity; punishment in international criminal law; international criminal responsibility.
Contributors: Barrie Sander, Chao Yi, Christoph Burchard, Christopher B. Mahony, Emiliano J. Buis, Gregory S. Gordon, Javier Dondé-Matute, Kaius Tuori, Mark Klamberg, Max Pensky, Milinda Banerjee, Morten Bergsmo, Nora Helene Bergsmo, Shannon E. Fyfe.
Related content:
Online PFICL thematic library.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2018
804 pages.
First published on 30 November 2018.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-117-4.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-118-1.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/34-bergsmo-buis.
Topic: This anthology, the first volume in the series Philosophical Foundations of International Criminal Law, correlates the writings of leading philosophers with the contemporary discipline of international criminal law. Its 20 chapters discuss thinkers from Plato to Foucault – including Cicero, Ulpian, Aquinas, Grotius, Hobbes, Locke, Vattel, Kant, Bentham, Hegel, Durkheim, Gandhi, Kelsen, Wittgenstein, Lemkin and Arendt – identifying how their thought bears on the discipline’s foundations. The series treats philosophy of international criminal law as a discourse space combining correlational, conceptual and value-based approaches, rather than promoting any particular philosophy or a single theory. In this manner, it attempts to nourish an emerging sub-discipline.
Keywords: Philosophical foundations of international criminal law; correlating thinkers; philosophy of international criminal law; history of ideas and international law; Kant and international criminal law; Hannah Arendt and international law; philosophy of law.
Contributors: Abraham Joseph, Alexander Heinze, Aléxia Alvim Machado Faria, Carlos Augusto Canedo Gonçalves da Silva, Daniel N. Clay, Djordje Djordjević, Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina, Emiliano J. Buis, Gregory S. Gordon, Gunnar M. Ekeløve-Slydal, Hanne Sophie Greve, Jaroslav Větrovský, Jochen von Bernstorff, Juan Branco, Kaius Tuori, Madan B. Lokur, Mark A. Drumbl, Morten Bergsmo, Nora Helene Bergsmo, Pablo Kalmanovitz, Pedro López Barja de Quiroga, Sergio Dellavalle, Tallyn Gray.
Related content:
Online PFICL thematic library.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2018
764 pages.
First published on 6 September 2018.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-111-2.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-112-9.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/33-bergsmo-stahn.
Topic: This anthology addresses the phase when criminal justice determines whether there is a reasonable basis to proceed to full criminal investigation of core international crimes. Part of the second volume in the Quality Control Series, it promotes an awareness and culture of quality control, including the freedom and motivation to challenge the quality of work. This volume covers the normative framework of preliminary examinations; transparency, co-operation and participation, including the roles of victims, civil society and open-source intelligence; and thematicity in preliminary examination.
Keywords: Quality control in preliminary examination; ICC preliminary examinations; normative framework of preliminary examination; transparency in international criminal justice; victim participation; open-source investigations; prosecutorial policy; core international crimes.
Contributors: Alexa König, Alexander Heinze, Ana Cristina Rodríguez Pineda, Andreas Schüller, Asaf Lubin, Carsten Stahn, Chantal Meloni, Christopher B. Mahony, Cynthia Chamberlain, Dov Jacobs, Elizabeth M. Evenson, Felim McMahon, Gregory S. Gordon, Jennifer Naouri, Jens Iverson, Ling Yan, Mark Kersten, Matthew E. Cross, Morten Bergsmo, Mutoy Mubiala, Nikita Mehandru, Pratibha Tandon, Sarah Williams, Shannon E. Fyfe, Shikha Silliman Bhattacharjee, Shreeyash U. Lalit, Usha Tandon, Vladimir Tochilovsky.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2018
706 pages.
First published on 6 September 2018.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-123-5.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-124-2.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/32-bergsmo-stahn.
Topic: This anthology addresses the phase when criminal justice determines whether there is a reasonable basis to proceed to full criminal investigation of core international crimes. Part of the second volume in the Quality Control Series, it promotes vigilant assessment of prosecutorial discretion and a culture of quality control rather than further regulation. With a foreword by Judge Liu Daqun reflecting on the Milošević and al-Bashir turning points, this volume covers the practice of preliminary examination – its realities and constraints – and case studies of situation analysis, with chapters spanning situations from Colombia and Palestine to Ukraine, Kenya and Turkey.
Keywords: Quality control in preliminary examination; ICC preliminary examinations; prosecutorial discretion; ICC Office of the Prosecutor; situation analysis; reasonable basis to proceed; core international crimes.
Contributors: Abraham Joseph, Ali Emrah Bozbayındır, Amitis Khojasteh, Andrew T. Cayley, Benson Chinedu Olugbuo, Carsten Stahn, Chan Ho Shing Icarus, Christian M. De Vos, Franklin D. Rosenblatt, Iryna Marchuk, Liu Daqun, Marina Aksenova, Martin Sørby, Matilde E. Gawronski, Matthias Neuner, Morten Bergsmo, Nino Tsereteli, Rachel Kerr, Runar Torgersen, Sharon Weill, Thomas Obel Hansen.
Related content:
A Burmese translation of Chapter 13 was published as OPS No. 12 (2022).

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2018
204 pages.
First published on 21 April 2018.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-104-4.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-105-1.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/31-christensen.
Topic: This monograph by Stian Nordengen Christensen asks why international rules and institutions have grown exponentially over the past centuries while basic elements of relations between states remain essentially unchanged. Constructing a theory of paradigmatic change in the international system – from the Westphalian system to the ‘popular sovereign paradigm’ – it analyses how enduring foundational principles explain existing rules, regimes and institutions across international peace and security, the United Nations main organs, international trade, human rights, and international humanitarian and criminal law. Throughout, the monograph assesses prospects for reform, identifying the possibilities and impossibilities of improving the international system within its present constraints.
Keywords: International system reform; global order; paradigms of international relations; UN Security Council reform; Westphalian system; international law and institutions; sovereignty and self-determination; international relations theory.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2018
271 pages.
First published on 11 July 2018.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-102-0.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-103-7.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/30-christensen.
Topic: This monograph by Stian Nordengen Christensen examines the scientific foundations of counterfactual analysis in history – the thought-experiments through which we assess whether decision-makers could have acted differently in past crises, and with what consequences. Noting the limited literature despite the centrality of such analyses to judging responsibility and formulating new rules and policies, the monograph proposes criteria for the validity and plausibility of counterfactual hypotheses. It then applies them to the 1990s armed conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, testing three hypotheses about how the conflicts could have been stopped: increased diplomatic pressure, ground troops to implement a 1993 peace agreement, and early air strikes to enforce peace.
Keywords: Counterfactual history; Bosnia and Herzegovina conflict; Bosnian war; counterfactual analysis methodology; historical thought-experiments; humanitarian intervention; lessons of armed conflict; philosophy of history.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2017
813 pages.
First published on 29 April 2017.
For the Second Edition please see Nos. 43–45 above.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-100-6.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-101-3.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/29-klamberg.
Topic: This commentary provides article-by-article analysis of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, designed to answer legal questions expeditiously for practitioners and scholars alike. More than 40 contributors set out the interpretation and application of each provision, focusing on case law and contentious issues resolved or in need of resolution, with references to preparatory works, expert views and scholarship for further research. This first edition of the Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court (CLICC) has now been expanded into a two-volume second edition and is continuously updated online through CILRAP’s Lexsitus platform, a certified digital public good also available in Arabic, French and Persian (among other languages).
Keywords: Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court (CLICC); Rome Statute commentary; International Criminal Court; article-by-article commentary; ICC Statute interpretation; international criminal law commentary; ICC case law; Lexsitus.
Contributors: Anna Oehmichen, Barbara Goy, Björn Elberling, Camilla Lind, Carl-Friedrich Stuckenberg, Caroline Ehlert, Dejana Radisavljević, Dominik Zimmerman, Enrique Carnero-Rojo, Geert-Jan Alexander Knoops, Geoff Roberts, Gerard Conway, Håkan Friman, Ignaz Stegmiller, Jenia Iontcheva Turner, Jonas Nilsson, Juan Pablo Pérez-León-Acevedo, Julie McBride, Karel De Meester, Karin Påle-Bartes, Kirsten Bowman, Lennart Aspegren, Letizia Lo Giacco, Linnea Kortfält, Maria Sjöholm, Marie Aronsson-Storrier, Mark Klamberg, Matthew Gillett, Melinda Taylor, Michael Stiel, Mikaela Heikkilä, Mohamed Abdou, Mohamed Elewa Badar, Noëlle Quénivet, Ola Engdahl, Olle Mårsäter, Paul Behrens, Ruth Bonnevalle-Kok, Sara Porro, Sergey Vasiliev, Song Tianying, Viljam Engström, Yassin Brunger, Yvonne McDermott Rees, Zhang Binxin, Zhang Yueyao.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2020
884 pages.
First published on 9 December 2020.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-113-6.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-114-3.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/28-power.
Topic: This anthology seeks to unmask power in international criminal justice, nourishing the emerging discipline of a sociology of international criminal justice. Opening with Bertrand Russell’s dictum that power is to social science what energy is to physics, its chapters map the topography of power in and over international justice institutions: high officials, states and their representatives, informal social networks – the ‘invisible college’ of international criminal lawyers versus less visible constellations of NGO leaders, diplomats and court staff – and the processes through which prosecutors and judges are elected. Emerging from a 2017 Florence conference, the anthology engages directly with the Independent Expert Review of the International Criminal Court and its reform recommendations.
Keywords: Power in international criminal justice; sociology of international criminal justice; International Criminal Court reform; Independent Expert Review; invisible college of international lawyers; election of ICC prosecutor and judges; NGOs in international justice; social network analysis and law.
Contributors: Alexander Heinze, Barrie Sander, Benjamin Adesire Mugisho, Chris Tenove, Christopher B. Mahony, David Baragwanath, Djordje Djordjević, Emma Irving, Gregory S. Gordon, Helena Anne Anolak, Jackson Nyamuya Maogoto, Jacob Sprang, Jacopo Governa, Joachim J. Savelsberg, Jolana Makraiová, Kjersti Lohne, Marieke de Hoon, Marina Aksenova, Mark Klamberg, Mayesha Alam, Mikkel Jarle Christensen, Morten Bergsmo, Sara Paiusco, Sarah-Jane Koulen, Sergey Vasiliev, Tosin Osasona.
Related content:
‘The Topography of Power in International Justice and the Rise of India’, Bharatt Goel, PBS No. 135, 23 September 2022.
Online thematic library on power in international justice.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2016
397 pages.
First published on 27 June 2016.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-055-9.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-056-6.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/27-liu-zhang.
Topic: This anthology analyses historical war crimes trials in Asia, which have received far less attention than their European counterparts – especially the domestic trials conducted by national authorities. Challenging the Western-centric narrative of international criminal law’s development, 16 authors examine the Tokyo trial and trials held in China: the Chinese Nationalist government’s tribunals (including the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal), the People’s Republic of China’s trials, and the British trials in Hong Kong. Chapters address the legal concepts and debates involved, the trials’ broader social influence, methodology for studying historical trials, preservation and compilation of historical records, and evidence collection in contemporary international criminal courts, emphasizing present-day significance for atrocity prevention in Asia.
Keywords: War crimes trials in Asia; Tokyo trial; Chinese war crimes trials; Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal; post-World War II trials; Japanese war crimes; British military trials; history of international criminal law.
Contributors: Crystal Yeung, David Cohen, Gao Hong, Gao Xiudong, Guido Acquaviva, Hans-Peter Kaul, Li Dan, Liu Daqun, Nina H.B. Jørgensen, Sun Xiaoxia, Suzannah Linton, Theodor Meron, Wang Xintong, Xue Ru, Yang Lijun, Yuma Totani, Zhang Binxin, Zhang Tianshu, Zhu Dan.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2025
174 pages.
The Persian version was first published on 14 March 2025. The English version was first published on 29 May 2015.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-259-1.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-260-7.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/26-farsi.
Topic: This classic monograph by Wolfgang Kaleck, now available in Persian, assesses double standards in the practice of international criminal law: a system that purports to be universal yet operates in a politically selective manner, in which hardly any of those most responsible for international crimes committed by Western states have faced trial. The translation makes Kaleck’s argument for a truly universal criminal justice accessible to Persian-speaking scholars, students and practitioners, in a region where debates on the selectivity of international justice seem to resonate.
Keywords: Double standards in international criminal law; Persian translation; معیارهای دوگانه (double standards); حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی و غرب (international criminal law and the West); selectivity in international justice; international criminal law in Persian; Farsi legal scholarship.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2015
141 pages.
First published on 29 May 2015.
ISBN print: 978-82-93081-67-8.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-93081-83-8.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/26-kaleck.
Topic: This monograph by Wolfgang Kaleck, founder of the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights, assesses double standards in the practice of international criminal law: a system that purports to be universal yet operates in a politically selective manner, in which hardly any of those most responsible for international crimes committed by Western states have faced trial at the time of writing. Tracing selectivity from the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials through the International Criminal Court’s African focus, Guantánamo and universal jurisdiction practice in Europe, the monograph constructively advocates a truly universal criminal justice that holds even the most powerful accountable, telling the stories of survivors and human rights organizations struggling against impunity. It has been translated and updated from the German original.
Keywords: Double standards in international criminal law; selectivity in international justice; accountability for Western state crimes; universal jurisdiction; impunity; ICC and Africa; human rights litigation.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2018
504 pages.
The Second Edition was published on 21 April 2018.
The First Edition was published on 29 May 2015.
ISBN print: 978-82-93081-61-6.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-93081-81-4.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/25-bergsmo-song-second.
Topic: This anthology asks whether it is in the enlightened self-interest of armed forces to have perpetrators of core international crimes brought to justice – adding a ‘carrot’ perspective of incentives to the common rhetoric of legal obligation and political pressure. Twenty-one authors, many with military and prosecutorial backgrounds, present multi-dimensional self-interests: internal professionalization, external legitimacy, institutional reputation, individual honour, operational effectiveness, and pre-empting civilian interference and international scrutiny. Chapter 1, particularly, articulates and systematizes more than 20 ‘self-interests’ in compliance and accountability. Arguing for greater military ‘ownership’ of repressing core international crimes, this second edition is supplemented with a chapter on accountability for international crimes within insurgent groups.
Keywords: Military self-interest in accountability; military justice; core international crimes; armed forces and international humanitarian law; accountability for war crimes; military accountability incentives; insurgent groups and international law; command responsibility.
Contributors: Adel Maged, Agus Widjojo, Andrew T. Cayley, Arne Willy Dahl, Bruce Houlder, Christopher B. Mahony, Christopher Jenks, Elizabeth L. Hillman, Elizabeth Santalla Vargas, Franklin D. Rosenblatt, Kiki Anastasia Japutra, Marlene Mazel, Morten Bergsmo, René Provost, Richard J. Goldstone, Richard Saller, Roberta Arnold, Róisín Burke, Song Tianying, William J. Fenrick, William K. Lietzau.
Related content:
Review by Xue Ru in Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 2015, pp. 474–490.
Review by William J. Fenrick in International Review of the Red Cross, 1 June 2016, pp. 1–4.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2017
1,180 pages.
First published on 29 April 2017.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-106-8.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-107-5.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/24-bergsmo-rackwitz-song.
Topic: This rich anthology, the fifth volume in the series Historical Origins of International Criminal Law, documents the birth of the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, examining the strategy and activities of the Office’s preparatory team between August 2002 and November 2003. Part 1 contains 41 chapters by experts the team consulted – including Richard J. Goldstone, William A. Schabas, Fabricio Guariglia and James K. Stewart – with reflections relevant to building prosecutorial capacity for core international crimes both at the international and national levels. Further parts cover the expert-group reports on length of proceedings, fact-finding and state co-operation, complementarity in practice, the draft Regulations, Code of Conduct and budgetary documents, with an opening analysis of the team’s risk-assessment, strategy and the challenges that later beset the Office.
Keywords: Historical origins of international criminal law; ICC Office of the Prosecutor; establishment of the International Criminal Court; prosecutorial strategy; complementarity in practice; ICC preparatory team; capacity building for core international crimes; international prosecution history; Luis Moreno-Ocampo.
Contributors: Alexander Muller, Avril McDonald, Barry Hancock, Bernard O’Donnell, Carlos Vasconcelos, Christopher K. Hall, Christopher Staker, Clint Williamson, Daryl A. Mundis, Ekkehard Withopf, Fabricio Guariglia, Geoffrey Nice, Hanne Sophie Greve, Hector Olásolo, Helge Brunborg, Hildegard Uertz-Retzlaff, James Hamilton, James K. Stewart, Johan J. du Toit, John Ralston, José Pablo Baraybar, Klaus Rackwitz, Lars Oftedal Broch, Laurent Walpen, Linda A. Taylor, Mark B. Harmon, Minna Schrag, Mohamed C. Othman, Morten Bergsmo, Nicholas Cowdery, Nicola Piacente, Nobuo Hayashi, Patrick J. Treanor, Peter McCloskey, Peter Nicholson, Richard J. Goldstone, Roelof Haveman, Rogelio Gómez Guillamón, Salim A. Nakhjavani, Song Tianying, Sonja A.J. Boelaert-Suominen, Susan R. Lamb, Tor-Aksel Busch, Tore Soldal, Vladimir Tochilovsky, William A. Schabas, William A. Stuebner, William J. Fenrick, Xabier Agirre Aranburu.
Related content:
Review by Devasheesh Bais in ISIL Year Book of International Humanitarian and Refugee Law, vol. 16 (2016–2017), pp. 394–399.
Review by Claire Magnoux in Journal of International Criminal Justice, vol. 15 (2017), no. 3, pp. 1–3.
Review by William H. Wiley in Journal of Peace Research, vol. 51 (2017), 171004.
Review by Beth Van Schaack in American Journal of International Law, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 142–147.
170429 Book launch at the International Nuremberg Principles Academy.
Review by Sven Peterke in Revista Brasileira de Ciências Criminais, vol. 154 (2019), pp. 355–365.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2015
996 pages.
First published on 19 November 2015.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-017-7.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-016-0.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/23-bergsmo-cheah-song-yi.
Topic: This anthology, the fourth volume in the series Historical Origins of International Criminal Law, examines the institutional dimension of the discipline’s development: contributions made by the Nuremberg, Tokyo, the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda tribunals, INTERPOL, the International Association of Penal Law, the Far Eastern and Pacific Sub-Commission, and internationalized fact-finding mandates, alongside jurisdictional principles and the work methods of international and national institutions. The foreword by Wegger Christian Strømmen notes the project’s creation of a discourse community of more than 100 scholars around the common legacy at the core of international criminal law.
Keywords: Historical origins of international criminal law; international criminal tribunals; ICTY and ICTR legacy; international criminal law institutions; INTERPOL history; international fact-finding; jurisdictional principles; institutional history of international justice.
Contributors: Anuradha Bakshi, Barrie Sander, Cheah Wui Ling, Christopher B. Mahony, David Re, Furuya Shuichi, Helge Brunborg, Hilde Farthofer, Itai Apter, Kevin C. Hughes, Ling Yan, Liu Daqun, Mareike Schomerus, Mark A. Lewis, Marquise Lee Houle, Md. Mostafa Hosain, Morten Bergsmo, Mutoy Mubiala, Natalia M. Luterstein, Patricia Pinto Soares, Rahmat Mohamad, Serge Brammertz, Seta Makoto, Song Tianying, Ustinia Dolgopol, Volker Nerlich, Wegger Christian Strømmen, Yaron Gottlieb, Yi Ping, Zhang Binxin, Zhu Wenqi.
Related content:
Review by Wu Xiaodan in Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 2015, pp. 491–508.
Review by Paula C. Scianca Luxen and Dalila B. Seoane in InDret (Revista para el analisis del derecho), 2/2017, pp. 1–5.
Review by Zhu Wenqi in Asian Journal of International Law, vol. 7 (2017), no. 2, pp. 379–388.
Review by Devasheesh Bais in ISIL Year Book of International Humanitarian and Refugee Law, vol. 16 (2016–2017), pp. 394–399.
Review by Beth Van Schaack in American Journal of International Law, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 142–147.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2015
837 pages.
First published on 19 November 2015.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-015-3.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-014-6.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/22-bergsmo-cheah-song-yi.
Topic: This anthology, the third volume in the series Historical Origins of International Criminal Law, deepens the study of the discipline’s evolution through a doctrine-based approach. Twenty-seven authors first expand the landscape of international criminal law in geography, time and diversity of early legal concepts, then trace the origins and evolution of the four core international crimes (war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and aggression) and of doctrines of individual criminal responsibility: modes of liability, grounds of criminal defence, and sentencing criteria, identifying common and timeless tensions in the discipline.
Keywords: Historical origins of international criminal law; core international crimes; origins of crimes against humanity; history of genocide law; crime of aggression origins; modes of liability; individual criminal responsibility; evolution of legal doctrines.
Contributors: Agnieszka Klonowiecka-Milart, Benjamin E. Brockman-Hawe, Chantal Meloni, Cheah Wui Ling, Eivind S. Homme, Emiliano J. Buis, Gregory S. Gordon, Guo Yang, Hae Kyung Kim, Helen Brady, Hitomi Takemura, Jens Iverson, Manoj Kumar Sinha, Marina Aksenova, Meagan Wong, Morten Bergsmo, Narinder Singh, Patryk I. Labuda, Philipp Ambach, Ryan Liss, Shavana Musa, Sheila Paylan, Song Tianying, William A. Schabas, Yi Ping, Zahra Kesmati, Zhang Binxin.
Related content:
Review by Wu Xiaodan in Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 2015, pp. 491–508.
Review by Sebastián A. Green Martínez in InDret (Revista para el analisis del derecho), 1/2017, pp. 1–6.
Review by Zhu Wenqi in Asian Journal of International Law, vol. 7 (2017), no. 2, pp. 379–388.
Review by Devasheesh Bais in ISIL Year Book of International Humanitarian and Refugee Law, vol. 16 (2016–2017), pp. 394–399.
Review by Beth Van Schaack in American Journal of International Law, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 142–147.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2014
805 pages.
First published on 12 December 2014.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-13-5.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/21-bergsmo-cheah-yi.
Topic: This anthology, the second volume in the series Historical Origins of International Criminal Law, studies trials from the post-Second World War period beyond the familiar Nuremberg landmark. Its chronologically arranged chapters examine proceedings that the conventional narrative overlooks – national and regional trials across diverse jurisdictions – as building blocks of contemporary international criminal law. With contributions by prominent lawyers and researchers, the anthology aims to generate new knowledge, question fundamental assumptions of the discipline, and further consolidate international criminal law’s common historical hinterland.
Keywords: Historical origins of international criminal law; post-World War II war crimes trials; national war crimes trials; Tokyo trial; war crimes prosecutions history; transitional justice history; international criminal jurisdictions; twentieth-century war crimes trials.
Contributors: Ann-Sophie Schoepfel-Aboukrat, Barak Kushner, Cheah Wui Ling, Christian Pöpken, Danny Friedmann, Ditlev Tamm, Immi Tallgren, Ling Yan, Lisette Schouten, Marcin Marcinko, Mark A. Drumbl, Marquise Lee Houle, Milinda Banerjee, Moritz Vormbaum, Morten Bergsmo, Narrelle Morris, Neil Boister, Nina H.B. Jørgensen, Patrycja Grzebyk, Tamás Hoffmann, Valentyna Polunina, Veronika Bílková, Xiang Longwan, Yi Ping, Yuma Totani, Zhang Tianshu.
Related content:
Review by Wu Xiaodan in Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 2014, pp. 607–627.
Review by Mitsue Inazumi in The Journal of International Law and Diplomacy, vol. 114 (2015), no. 2, pp. 231–34.
Review by Ianiv Garfunkel in InDret (Revista para el analisis del derecho), 4/2016, pp. 5–10.
Review by Devasheesh Bais in ISIL Year Book of International Humanitarian and Refugee Law, vol. 16 (2016–2017), pp. 394-399.
Review by Beth Van Schaack in American Journal of International Law, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 142–147.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2014
720 pages.
First published on 12 December 2014.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-11-1.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/20-bergsmo-cheah-yi.
Topic: This anthology is the first volume in the series Historical Origins of International Criminal Law, the first to study the historical development of the discipline in a comprehensive, inclusive and systematic way. Challenging the dominant narrative that begins with Nuremberg and Tokyo, its chronologically arranged chapters examine trials, proceedings, legal instruments and publications up to the Nuremberg trials, the building blocks of contemporary international criminal law. Contributions by prominent judges, lawyers and researchers broaden the discipline’s hinterland beyond the geographical, cultural and temporal limits of its traditional histories.
Keywords: Historical origins of international criminal law; history of war crimes trials; pre-Nuremberg trials; early international criminal law; Nuremberg trials; historical war crimes proceedings; evolution of international law; international criminal law scholarship.
Contributors: Anatoly Levshin, Anja Bihler, Axel Fischer, Cheah Wui Ling, Choong Xun Ning, Dan Plesch, David Cohen, David S. Koller, Geoffrey Robertson QC, Guido Acquaviva, Immi Tallgren, Jackson Nyamuya Maogoto, Jan Reijntjes, Joseph Rikhof, Kerstin von Lingen, Kirsten Sellars, Lina Laurinaviciute, Liu Daqun, Matthias Neuner, Morten Bergsmo, Paul Mevis, Regina M. Paulose, Ronald G. Rogo, Shanti Sattler, Shi Bei, Wolfgang Form, Yi Ping, Zeng Siqi, Zhang Qi.
Related content:
Review by Wu Xiaodan in Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 2014, pp. 607–627.
Review by Mitsue Inazumi in The Journal of International Law and Diplomacy, vol. 114 (2015), no. 2, pp. 231–34.
Review by Noelia V. Matalone in InDret (Revista para el analisis del derecho), 3/2016, pp. 1–5.
Review by Zhu Wenqi in Asian Journal of International Law, vol. 7 (2017), no. 2, pp. 379–388.
Review by Devasheesh Bais in ISIL Year Book of International Humanitarian and Refugee Law, vol. 16 (2016–2017), pp. 394–399.
Review by Beth Van Schaack in American Journal of International Law, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 142–147.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2020
650 pages.
The Second Edition was published on 27 July 2020.
The First Edition was published on 16 November 2013.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-135-8.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-136-5.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/19-bergsmo-stahn-second.
Topic: The first volume in the wider Quality Control Series, this anthology addresses quality control in fact-finding and documentation of human rights violations and core international crimes outside criminal justice systems – typically United Nations human rights mandates and the documentation work of non-governmental organizations. Advocating a mindset of constant questioning and a culture of quality control among fact-finders, its chapters span the spectrum from mandate formulation to the use of information technology. This second edition adds chapters by Geoffrey Robertson KC on legal and ethical dilemmas in human rights fact-finding, Emma Irving on social media evidence and Facebook, and William H. Wiley on civil society investigation of core international crimes and the ‘CIJA model’.
Keywords: Quality control in fact-finding; human rights fact-finding; UN commissions of inquiry; human rights documentation; social media evidence; civil society investigations; fact-finding methodology; NGO human rights monitoring.
Contributors: Carolijn Terwindt, Carsten Stahn, Catherine Harwood, Charles Garraway, Christopher B. Mahony, Dan Saxon, David Re, Dov Jacobs, Emma Irving, Fan Yuwen, Geoffrey Robertson KC, Ilia Utmelidze, Isabelle Lassée, Ling Yan, Liu Daqun, Lyal S. Sunga, Mads Andenæs, Marina Aksenova, Martin Scheinin, Morten Bergsmo, Richard J. Goldstone, Serge Brammertz, Simon De Smet, William H. Wiley, Wolfgang Kaleck, Wu Xiaodan.
Related content:
Review by James G. Devaney in European Journal of International Law, vol. 25 (2014), pp. 355–359.
Review by Gunnar M. Ekeløve-Slydal in Nordic Journal of Human Rights, vol. 32 (2014), pp. 192–195.
Review by Théo Boutruche in Journal of International Criminal Justice, vol. 12 (2014), pp. 888–892.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2014
503 pages.
First published on 12 December 2014.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-96-8.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/18-bergsmo-song.
Topic: This anthology examines the need for and nature of a convention on crimes against humanity, using the Proposed International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity as its reference point. Sixteen authors discuss how a convention may consolidate the definition of crimes against humanity and develop measures for prevention, punishment and inter-State co-operation, decades after the Genocide and Geneva Conventions. The anthology warns against watering down the law or deepening polarization between States, suggesting that the scope of the obligation to prevent will become decisive.
Keywords: Crimes against humanity convention; prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity; Crimes Against Humanity Initiative; Article 7 ICC Statute; contextual elements of crimes against humanity; obligation to prevent; inter-State co-operation in criminal matters; treaty-making in international criminal law.
Contributors: Christen Price, Darryl Robinson, Eleni Chaitidou, Hans Corell, Hans-Peter Kaul, Ian Kennedy, Julie Pasch, Leila Nadya Sadat, María Luisa Piqué, Mary Kate Whalen, Morten Bergsmo, Rhea Brathwaite, Rita Maxwell, Shang Weiwei, Song Tianying, Tessa Bolton, Travis Weber, Zhang Yueyao.
Related content:
Book essay by Song Tianying in Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 2014, pp. 519–547.
Review by William St-Michel in Journal of International Criminal Justice, vol. 13 (2015), pp. 897–898.
Book essay by Song Tianying in Chinese Review of International Law, no. 2016 (3), pp. 89–101.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Beijing, 2013
277 pages.
First published on 7 March 2013.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-66-1.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/17-yi.
Topic: This monograph, written in Japanese, examines the concept of ‘just war’ in Japanese international law scholarship during its founding period, and the consequences of that concept for Japan’s engagement with the laws of war. Situated within the wider study of Asian reception of European international law, the monograph analyses how Meiji-era Japanese international lawyers – figures such as Ariga Nagao – understood the justification and limitation of war, notions of ‘civilized war’ and jus in bello, and the self-limitation of the state, illuminating the intellectual space between war and peace in modern Japan.
Keywords: Just war in Japanese international law; reception of international law in Japan; Meiji-era international law scholarship; history of the laws of war; Japan and international law; jus in bello; 正しい戦争 (just war); 日本国際法学 (Japanese international law scholarship).
Related content:
Review by Hitomi Takemura in Journal of Peace Research, 2014.
Review by Hitomi Takemura in Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 4 (2015), no. 1, pp. 205–210.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2024
341 pages.
The Second Edition was published on 21 June 2024.
The First Edition was published on 19 November 2012.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-228-7.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-229-4.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/16-2024.
Topic: This anthology addresses the challenges of ‘old evidence’ in investigating, prosecuting and adjudicating core international crimes committed years or decades earlier, such as aging accused, witnesses with fading memories, disintegrating physical evidence and documents from a different era. Judges, prosecutors, investigators, analysts and academics from widely different jurisdictions share practical solutions from processes in Argentina, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia and beyond, arguing that old evidence should not automatically bar delayed prosecutions. This second edition adds Moa Lidén’s quantitative and qualitative analysis of the time variable affecting insider witnesses in International Criminal Court cases, and is restructured throughout.
Keywords: Old evidence and core international crimes; delayed prosecution of atrocities; evidence in international criminal trials; witness memory and testimony; Bangladesh 1971 war crimes; cold case atrocity investigations; documentary evidence; insider witnesses.
Contributors: Agnieszka Klonowiecka-Milart, Alphons M.M. Orie, Andrew T. Cayley, Antonio Angotti, Anya Topiwala, Cheah Wui Ling, David Cohen, H.E. Shafique Ahmed, M. Amir-Ul Islam, Mahdev Mohan, Martin Witteveen, Md. Shahinur Islam, Moa Lidén, Morten Bergsmo, Patrick J. Treanor, Seena Fazel, Siri S. Frigaard, Sriyana, Stephen J. Rapp.
Related content:
121119 Statement by Professor Ling Yan.
Review by M. Vornbaum in Journal of International Criminal Justice, vol. 11, no. 2 (PS 16).
Review by M. Vornbaum in Journal der Juristischen Zeitgeschichte, vol. 3 (2013), pp. 124–125.
Review by Wu Xueqin Kristin in Asian Journal of International Law, vol. 4 (2014), pp. 426–428.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Beijing, 2012
299 pages.
First published on 19 November 2012.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-35-7.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/15-bergsmo-ling.
Topic: This anthology revisits the relationship between State sovereignty and international criminal law, the former of which is often cast as a shield against justice, yet it is sovereign States that create international criminal law treaties and remain its principal enforcers under the International Criminal Court’s complementarity principle. Emerging from the Li Haopei Lecture Series fostering dialogue between international lawyers in China and Europe, contributions pursue three lines of inquiry: the immunity of State officials from foreign or international criminal jurisdiction; the scope of universal jurisdiction as national courts take over from the ad hoc tribunals; and whether the ICC Statute’s aggression amendments exacerbate tensions between sovereignty and accountability.
Keywords: State sovereignty and international criminal law; immunity of State officials; universal jurisdiction; crime of aggression amendments; complementarity principle; China and international criminal law; Li Haopei Lecture Series; Chinese perspectives on international law.
Contributors: Christian Tomuschat, Claus Kreß, Erkki Kourula, Guo Yang, Jia Bingbing, Ling Yan, Liu Daqun, Ma Chengyuan, Morten Bergsmo, Wang Houli, Zhou Lulu, Zhu Lijiang.
Related content:
121119 Statement by Professor Ling Yan.
Review by Alexandre Skander Galand in European Journal of International Law, vol. 25 (2014), pp. 625–629.
Review by Hanne Sophie Greve in Nordic Journal of Human Rights, vol. 33 (2015), no. 1, pp. 104–107.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Beijing, 2012
258 pages.
First published on 19 November 2012.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-58-6.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/15-bergsmo-ling-chinese.
Topic: This anthology, the Chinese version of State Sovereignty and International Criminal Law, revisits the relationship between State sovereignty and international criminal law, the former of which is often cast as a shield against justice, yet it is sovereign States that create international criminal law treaties and remain its principal enforcers under the International Criminal Court’s complementarity principle. Emerging from the Li Haopei Lecture Series fostering dialogue between international lawyers in China and Europe, contributions examine the immunity of State officials, the scope of universal jurisdiction, and the ICC Statute’s aggression amendments, making this debate directly accessible to Chinese-language scholars, students and practitioners.
Keywords: 国家主权与国际刑法 (state sovereignty and international criminal law); 国际刑法 (international criminal law); 普遍管辖权 (universal jurisdiction); 国家官员豁免 (immunity of state officials); Chinese edition; state sovereignty and international criminal law; Li Haopei Lecture Series; 李浩培 (Li Haopei).
Contributors: Christian Tomuschat, Claus Kreß, Erkki Kourula, Guo Yang, Jia Bingbing, Ling Yan, Liu Daqun, Ma Chengyuan, Morten Bergsmo, Wang Houli, Zhou Lulu, Zhu Lijiang.
Related content:
121119 Statement by Professor Ling Yan.
Review by Liao Minwen in Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 2013, pp. 521–549.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2023
424 pages.
The Persian version was first published on 5 May 2023. The English version was first published on 15 August 2012.
ISBN: 978-82-8348-202-7.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/14-farsi.
Topic: This monograph by Terje Einarsen, now available in Persian, seeks to clarify the concept of universal crimes in international law – serious crimes committed, organized or tolerated by representatives of power structures, violating universal values and interests. It provides a new framework for which offences give rise to direct criminal liability under international law and why certain crimes are included while other serious offences are not. The translation opens the first volume of an Einarsen series on Rethinking the Essentials of International Criminal Law and Transitional Justice to Persian-speaking scholars, students and practitioners.
Keywords: Universal crimes in international law; Persian translation; مفهوم جرایم جهانی (concept of universal crimes); حقوق بین‌الملل (international law); جرایم بین‌المللی (international crimes); international criminal law in Persian; Farsi legal scholarship.
Related content:
Review by K. Satwika in Nordic Journal of Human Rights, vol. 31 (2013), no. 1, pp. 110–113 (PS 14).
Review by Robert J. Currie in Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2013, 1 of 2.
See an article by the author based on the book here.
230601 UiB, Interview with Prof. T. Einarsen about the Persian version.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Oslo, 2012
361 pages.
First published on 15 August 2012.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-33-3.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/14-einarsen.
Topic: This monograph by Terje Einarsen seeks to clarify the concept of universal crimes in international law – serious crimes committed, organized or tolerated by representatives of power structures, violating universal values and interests. Providing a new framework for understanding which offences give rise to direct criminal liability under international law, it asks whether such crimes are limited to the recognized core international crimes, why certain crimes should be included while other serious offences are not, and which legal bases are most compelling for their classification. This is the first volume in an Einarsen series on Rethinking the Essentials of International Criminal Law and Transitional Justice.
Keywords: Universal crimes in international law; concept of international crimes; core international crimes; direct criminal liability under international law; classification of international crimes; gravity of international crimes; international criminal law theory.
Related content:
Review by K. Satwika in Nordic Journal of Human Rights, vol. 31 (2013), no. 1, pp. 110–113 (PS 14).
Review by Robert J. Currie in Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2013, 1 of 2.
See an article by the author based on the book here.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2018
577 pages.
The Second Edition was published on 1 June 2018.
The First Edition was published on 25 April 2012.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-025-2.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-024-5.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/13-bergsmo-second.
Topic: This anthology is the first book to address the thematic prosecution of core international crimes – the deliberate singling out of a narrow range of criminality, as when the International Criminal Court’s first case charged only the recruitment and use of child soldiers. Focusing on international sex crimes, its chapters offer justifications that jurisdictions can turn to as they develop prosecutorial policies, going to the heart of case prioritization, prosecutorial discretion, and accountability for violations against women and children. Dedicated to the memory of Antonio Cassese, with a foreword by Justice Richard J. Goldstone, tracing gender-crimes jurisprudence from the UN War Crimes Commission through the ICTY, this second edition adds 125 pages of new material, including three new chapters.
Keywords: Thematic prosecution; international sex crimes; sexual violence in armed conflict; gender-based crimes prosecution; prosecutorial discretion; case prioritization; child soldiers; conflict-related sexual violence.
Contributors: Alejandra Azuero Quijano, Benson Chinedu Olugbuo, Christopher B. Mahony, Fabricio Guariglia, Flor de Maria Valdez-Arroyo, Kai Ambos, Margaret M. deGuzman, Morten Bergsmo, Neha Jain, Olympia Bekou, Paloma Soria Montañez, Richard J. Goldstone, Susanna Greijer, Valerie Oosterveld.
Related content:
Review by F. Williams in Leiden Journal of International Law, vol. 26 (2013), no. 3, pp. 772–776 (PS 13).
Review by C. Ranheim in Nordic Journal of Human Rights, vol. 31 (2013), no. 1, pp. 108–109 (PS 12 and 13).
Review by A.H. Blair in Journal of Peace Research, vol. 49, no. 6, p. 873 (PS 13).
Review by Nyasha Karimakwenda in Yale Journal of International Affairs, 2013, 1 of 5.
Review by Stéphanie Bürgenmeier in Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, vol. 47 (2014), pp. 305–306.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Beijing, 2012
894 pages.
First published on 25 April 2012.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-29-6.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/12-bergsmo-skre-wood.
Topic: This anthology examines the space between international standard-setting on sex crimes – clarified by the ICC Statute and reflected in UN Security Council resolutions 1325 and 1888 – and the still-weak enforcement of criminal responsibility for such crimes, especially at the national level. Bringing together 15 chapters by experts from law and social science, the anthology provides detailed analyses of the legal requirements of international sex crimes and relevant forms of responsibility, the types of fact that can meet those requirements, and institutional, evidentiary and historical challenges of prosecution. It also provides a comprehensive international case law digest which serves as a knowledge-base for criminal justice actors.
Keywords: International sex crimes; sexual violence prosecution; conflict-related sexual violence; evidence of sexual violence; elements of sexual violence crimes; UN Security Council resolution 1325; gender crimes case law; women peace and security.
Contributors: Alejandra Azuero Quijano, Alf Butenschøn Skre, Amelia Hoover Green, David Cohen, Elisabeth J. Wood, Elizabeth L. Hillman, Fausto Pocar, Inger Skjelsbæk, Jocelyn Kelly, Kai Ambos, Magali Maystre, Marina Aksenova, Michele Leiby, Morten Bergsmo, Nicole Rangel, Patricia Wildermuth, Petra Kneuer, Sangkul Kim, William H. Wiley, Xabier Agirre Aranburu.
Related content:
Review by C. Ranheim in Nordic Journal of Human Rights, vol. 31 (2013), no. 1, pp. 108–109 (PS 12 and 13).
Review by A.H. Blair in Journal of Peace Research, vol. 49, no. 6, p. 874 (PS 12).

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Oslo, 2011
744 pages.
First published on 21 June 2011.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-27-2.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/11-muller-zouridis-frishman-kistemaker.
Topic: This anthology gathers ‘think pieces’ in which a wide variety of renowned experts envision the future of law, responding to three questions: what are the most significant challenges for the development of law, what developments are likely in the coming two to three decades, and what do they mean for national legal systems? Prepared under the Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law’s Law of the Future Joint Action Programme, and serving as the basis for the Law Scenarios to 2030 and the 2011 Law of the Future Conference, the anthology rests on the premise that prospective thinking is required to keep law and legal systems from becoming obsolete, ineffective or unjust.
Keywords: Law of the future; future of law; internationalization of law; Law Scenarios to 2030; HiiL Hague Institute; future of national legal systems; legal foresight; think pieces on law.
Contributors: A.W. Heringa, Alexander Schild, André Klip, André Nollkaemper, Benedict Kingsbury, David Koepsell, David Nelken, Deborah Hensler, Efthimios Parasidis, Ewoud Hondius, Filippo Spiezia, Göran Sluiter, Gralf-Peter Calliess, H. Patrick Glenn, Hans Corell, Hans Lindahl, Hugh Collins, James Gordley, Jan Eijsbouts, Jan Klabbers, Jan Smits, Janne Nijman, Jean-Bernard Auby, Jo Ritzen, John Bell, Joost Pauwelyn, Larry Catá Backer, Laura Kistemaker, Levinus Timmerman, Ling Yan, Maíra Rocha Machado, Marc Amstutz, Mark Osiel, Matthijs de Jongh, Michel Rosenfeld, Morly Frishman, Nicole Vincent, Norberto Nuno Gomes de Andrade, Peer Zumbansen, Peter Hustinx, Philipp Kiiver, Pierre Larouche, Ralf Michaels, Randall Peerenboom, Richard J. Goldstone, Ruth Sefton-Green, Sam Muller, Sébastien Jodoin, Sohail Inayatullah, Stavros Zouridis, Stefan Grundmann, Thomas Pogge, Thorsten Beck, Tineke Lambooy, Tom Ginsburg.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2017
298 pages.
First published on 29 April 2017.
ISBN print: 978-82-93081-20-3.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-104-4.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/9-bergsmo.
Topic: This anthology addresses jurisdictions that open more war crimes case files than they can process by trial, asking whether new forms of abbreviated criminal procedures should be created to process high numbers of less serious core international crimes within criminal law and procedure. Identifying this as one of international criminal procedure’s most under-researched areas, contributors argue that models should be sought in national abbreviated procedures rather than transitional justice practice, presupposing consensual mechanisms consistent with international human rights standards. Case-backlog experiences from Italy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia and Rwanda ground the analysis in practice.
Keywords: Abbreviated criminal procedures; war crimes case backlogs; core international crimes prosecution; plea bargaining international crimes; Bosnia and Herzegovina war crimes cases; national war crimes strategy; case processing capacity; international criminal procedure.
Contributors: Alexander Heinze, Gilbert Bitti, Gorana Žagovec Kustura, Hanne Sophie Greve, Ilia Utmelidze, Jan Braathu, Kai Ambos, María Paula Saffon, Marieke Wierda, Mark A. Drumbl, Meddžida Kreso, Milorad Novković, Morten Bergsmo, Phil Clark.
Related content:
Review by Agata Odrobińska in Nordic Journal of Human Rights, vol. 35 (2017), no. 4, pp. 424–425.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Oslo, 2011
572 pages.
First published on 1 December 2011.
ISBN print: 978-82-93081-56-2.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-93081-55-5.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/8-bergsmo.
Topic: This anthology is the first substantial work on legal informatics and international criminal law, addressing how information technology can build national capacity to investigate, prosecute and adjudicate core international crimes. Moving beyond ‘positive complementarity’ as rhetoric – a term coined at the International Criminal Court in 2003 and embraced at the 2010 Kampala Review Conference – the anthology argues that democratizing access to legal information should lie at the heart of capacity building and knowledge-transfer, reducing the inequality faced by war crimes lawyers across jurisdictions. Contributors examine the ICC Legal Tools Database and Case Matrix application in detail, alongside evidence-analysis methods and the practical content of justice-sector capacity-building programmes.
Keywords: Positive complementarity; capacity building in international criminal justice; ICC Legal Tools Database; Case Matrix; legal informatics; access to legal information; national prosecution of international crimes; complementarity principle.
Contributors: Aleksandra Sidorenko, Anne Hecksteden, Annika Jones, Christian Ranheim, Christoph Safferling, Emilie Hunter, Franziska C. Eckelmans, Gilbert Bitti, Giovanni Sartor, Lars Büngener, Morten Bergsmo, Olympia Bekou, Ralph Hecksteden, Sangkul Kim, Volker Nerlich, Wolfgang Form.
Related content:
Review by D. Cohen in Journal of International Criminal Justice, vol. 10, no. 4 (PS 8).

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Oslo, 2010
314 pages.
First published on 1 August 2010.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-14-2.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/7-bergsmo.
Topic: This anthology examines the relationship between the International Criminal Court’s complementarity principle and the exercise of universal jurisdiction for core international crimes – the space between territoriality and universality. Emerging from a 2009 Oslo seminar, its chapters include Joseph Rikhof’s global survey of domestic war crimes prosecutions across Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa and their impact on impunity; Rod Rastan on complementarity as contest or collaboration; Jo M. Stigen on complementarity and the subsidiarity principle; Cedric Ryngaert on a ‘horizontal’ complementarity principle applied between States, drawing on Spanish practice; and contributions by Wolfgang Kaleck and others on universal jurisdiction litigation, positive complementarity and prosecutorial practice.
Keywords: Complementarity and universal jurisdiction; universal jurisdiction; domestic war crimes prosecutions; horizontal complementarity; subsidiarity principle; ICC admissibility; impunity gap; extraterritorial jurisdiction.
Contributors: Andreas Schüller, Carsten Stahn, Cedric Ryngaert, Christopher K. Hall, David Cohen, Fausto Pocar, Florian Jessberger, Jo M. Stigen, Joseph Rikhof, Magali Maystre, Morten Bergsmo, Pål Lønseth, Rod Rastan, Wolfgang Kaleck.
Related content:
Review by Cheah W.L. in Criminal Law Forum, 2013 (130208) (PS 7).

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Oslo, 2010
442 pages.
First published on 1 August 2010.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-12-8.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/6-bergsmo-garavito-kalmanovitz-saffon.
Topic: This anthology examines distributive justice in transitions from armed conflict, the largely neglected intersection of transitional justice with land reform and the distribution of wealth. Emerging from a 2009 Bogotá expert seminar on land reform and distributive justice in the settlement of internal armed conflicts, its chapters combine theoretical and comparative approaches – including Jon Elster on land, justice and peace, and Albert Berry on the economics of land reform and small farms in post-conflict situations – with close analysis of the Colombian transition, drawing lessons from El Salvador and other experiences for societies confronting the agrarian roots of conflict.
Keywords: Distributive justice in transitions; transitional justice; land reform after conflict; post-conflict land restitution; Colombia armed conflict; agrarian justice; peace negotiations and land; economics of land reform.
Contributors: Albert Berry, Ana María Ibáñez, César Rodríguez-Garavito, Elisabeth J. Wood, Fernando Barberi, Francisco Gutiérrez Sanín, Jon Elster, Knut Andreas O. Lid, Luis Jorge Garay, María Paula Saffon, Monika Nalepa, Morten Bergsmo, Pablo Kalmanovitz, Rodrigo Uprimny, Stephen Holmes, Yamile Salinas Abdala.
Related content:
Review by Gunnar M. Ekeløve-Slydal in Nordic Journal of Human Rights, vol. 31 (2013), no. 3, pp. 464–467 (PS 6).
Review by Zinaida Miller in International Journal of Transitional Justice, 2013, pp. 1–11.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Oslo, 2012
468 páginas.
First published on 1 March 2012.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-10-4.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/6-bergsmo-garavito-kalmanovitz-saffon-spanish.
Topic: This anthology, published in Spanish, examines distributive justice in transitions from armed conflict, the largely neglected intersection of transitional justice with land reform and the distribution of wealth. Emerging from a 2009 Bogotá expert seminar, its chapters combine theoretical and comparative approaches – including Jon Elster on land, justice and peace, and Albert Berry on the economics of land reform and small farms in post-conflict situations – with close analysis of the Colombian transition, drawing lessons from El Salvador and other experiences for societies confronting the agrarian roots of conflict. The Spanish edition makes this scholarship directly accessible to the Latin American legal, academic and policy communities most engaged with the agrarian dimensions of conflict settlement, victim reparation and peace negotiations.
Keywords: Justicia distributiva; justicia transicional (transitional justice); reforma agraria y conflicto armado (land reform and armed conflict); restitución de tierras (land restitution); Colombia; distributive justice in transitions; sociedades en transición.
Contributors: Albert Berry, Ana María Ibáñez, César Rodríguez-Garavito, Elisabeth J. Wood, Fernando Barberi, Francisco Gutiérrez Sanín, Jon Elster, Knut Andreas O. Lid, Luis Jorge Garay, María Paula Saffon, Monika Nalepa, Morten Bergsmo, Pablo Kalmanovitz, Rodrigo Uprimny, Stephen Holmes, Yamile Salinas Abdala.
Related content:
Review by Gunnar M. Ekeløve-Slydal in Nordic Journal of Human Rights, vol. 31 (2013), no. 3, pp. 464–467 (PS 6).
Review by Zinaida Miller in International Journal of Transitional Justice, 2013, pp. 1–11.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Oslo, 2010
442 pages.
The Second Edition was published on 23 July 2010.
The First Edition was published on 26 March 2009.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-93081-09-8.
ISBN print: 978-82-93081-08-1.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/5-bergsmo-kalmanovitz-second.
Topic: This anthology examines the place of law in peace negotiations – the tension between negotiated settlement of armed conflict and accountability for international crimes. Emerging from a 2007 Bogotá seminar co-organized with the Vice Presidency of Colombia and its National Commission for Reparation and Reconciliation, chapters analyse Colombia’s negotiations with paramilitary groups under the Justice and Peace Law, while comparative and theoretical contributions include Jon Elster on justice, truth and peace, Claus Kreß and Leena Grover on the duty to prosecute international crimes committed in non-international armed conflicts, and David Cohen on hybrid tribunals and the limits of accountability. This second edition contains revised chapters and a new index.
Keywords: Law in peace negotiations; peace and justice; Colombian transitional justice process; amnesties and international law; duty to prosecute; negotiations with armed groups; hybrid tribunals.
Contributors: Ana Arjona, Antanas Mockus, Carsten Stahn, Claus Kreß, David Cohen, Florence Hartmann, Francisco Gutiérrez Sanín, Jon Elster, Leena Grover, Marieke Wierda, María Paula Saffon, Monika Nalepa, Morten Bergsmo, Pablo Kalmanovitz, Rodrigo Uprimny, Roger Petersen, Sarah Zukerman Daly.
Related content:
Review by Abby Zeith in Oxford Socio-Legal Review, vol. 1 (2015), no. 1.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2024
549 pages.
The Third Edition was published on 2 December 2024.
The Second Edition was published on 23 July 2010.
The First Edition was published on 26 March 2009.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-239-3.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-238-6.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/4-bergsmo-third.
Topic: This anthology addresses how criminal justice systems should prioritize and select core international crimes cases for investigation and trial – a professional, prosecutorial response to case backlogs and surges that reduces the risk of politicizing prosecutorial discretion. Its chapters examine the formulation, form and implementation of selection and prioritization criteria across international and national jurisdictions, with detailed analysis of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Court as three central laboratories of the practice. With forewords by Siri S. Frigaard and Julija Bogoeva drawing on Norwegian, East Timorese and ICTY experience, this substantially revised Third Edition adds seven new chapters and updates the anthology as a dynamic knowledge-base.
Keywords: Case selection and prioritization; prioritizing war crimes cases; prosecutorial discretion; core international crimes; war crimes case backlogs; prosecutorial strategy; ICC case selection; completion strategy.
Contributors: Aida Šušić, Alejandro Aponte Cardona, Alex Obote-Odora, Anees Ahmed, Christopher K. Hall, Claudia Angermaier, Devasheesh Bais, Emilie Hunter, Fadillah Agus, Ilia Utmelidze, Julija Bogoeva, Margaux Day, María Luisa Piqué, María Paula Saffon, Megumi Ochi, Mirna Goransky, Mirsad Tokača, Morten Bergsmo, Nataša Kandić, Olympia Bekou, Paul Seils, Richard J. Dicker, Rod Rastan, Rolf Einar Fife, Siri S. Frigaard, Terry M. Beitner, Vesna Terselić, Vladimir Tochilovsky, Xabier Agirre Aranburu, Zekerija Mujkanović.
Related content:
241202 Launch of PS 4 (Third Edition) with statements by Justice Erik Møse, Professor Claus Kreß, Professor Olympia Bekou, Mr. Peter McCloskey, Ambassador Erling Rimestad and Director Miyoung Song.
‘Selection of Cases or Selected by Cases: Prosecutorial Ecology and Agency in Al Hassan Before the ICC’, Song Tianying, PBS No. 161, 20 December 2024.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Oslo, 2010
232 pages.
The Second Edition was published on 23 July 2010.
The First Edition was published on 17 September 2009.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-93081-05-0.
ISBN print: 978-82-93081-04-3.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/3-bergsmo-helvig-utmelidze-zagovec-second.
Topic: This study analyses the backlog of core international crimes case files in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where more has been invested in criminal justice for atrocities than in any other country, making its handling of the backlog a precedent for war crimes jurisdictions everywhere. First circulated in 2008, the study’s ideas contributed significantly to the National War Crimes Strategy adopted by Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Council of Ministers in December 2008. Its model for mapping open case files and its comparative analysis of case-prioritization criteria instruments carry relevance well beyond Bosnia, asking how far criminal justice is able to respond to mass atrocity.
Keywords: War crimes case backlog; Bosnia and Herzegovina war crimes; National War Crimes Strategy; case file mapping; prioritization criteria; war crimes prosecution capacity; Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina; criminal justice for mass atrocities.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2023
221 pages.
The Chinese Edition (a translation of the English Third Edition) was first published on 24 October 2023.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-213-3.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-212-6.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/2-chinese.
Topic: This anthology, published in Chinese, examines national military manuals on the law of armed conflict, namely, what they are, what they do, whether a state without one really needs one, and what areas of law a good manual should cover. Translated by Xue Ru, it records the deliberations of a 2007 Oslo expert seminar, with contributions by leading experts and a practical checklist for manual drafters, making this body of expertise on the self-regulation of armed forces directly accessible to Chinese-speaking military lawyers, scholars and policy-makers.
Keywords: 军事手册 (military manuals); 武装冲突法 (law of armed conflict); 国际人道法 (international humanitarian law); 平民保护 (protection of civilians); armed forces self-regulation; IHL dissemination; rules of engagement.
Contributors: Anthony P.V. Rogers, Arne Willy Dahl, Charles Garraway, David Turns, Dieter Fleck, François Sénéchaud, Göran Melander, Hans-Petter Gasser, Louise Doswald-Beck, Marja Lehto, Nobuo Hayashi, Ove Bring, Peter Otken, Roberta Arnold, Sandra Krähenmann, Trygve G. Nordby, W.H. Boothby, William J. Fenrick, Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg, Xue Ru.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2023
234 pages.
The Third Edition was published on 24 October 2023.
The Second Edition was published on 23 July 2010.
The First Edition was published on 19 December 2008.
ISBN print: 978-82-8348-226-3.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-8348-225-6.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/2-hayashi-third.
Topic: This anthology examines national military manuals on the law of armed conflict, namely, what they are, what they do, whether a state without one really needs one, and what areas of law a good manual should cover. Recording the deliberations of a 2007 Oslo expert seminar that gathered around 100 participants, it offers contributions by a prominent group of experts including William H. Boothby, Louise Doswald-Beck, Dieter Fleck, Charles Garraway, A.P.V. Rogers and Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg, alongside an introductory article and a practical checklist prepared by the editor for those considering writing a new manual. This updated third edition coincides with the release of a Chinese version.
Keywords: Military manuals; law of armed conflict; international humanitarian law implementation; LOAC training; armed forces legal advisers; IHL dissemination; rules of engagement.
Contributors: Anthony P.V. Rogers, Arne Willy Dahl, Charles Garraway, David Turns, Dieter Fleck, François Sénéchaud, Göran Melander, Hans-Petter Gasser, Louise Doswald-Beck, Marja Lehto, Nobuo Hayashi, Ove Bring, Peter Otken, Roberta Arnold, Sandra Krähenmann, Trygve G. Nordby, W.H. Boothby, William J. Fenrick, Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg.
Related content:
Review by Rustam B. Atadjanov in Criminal Law Forum, vol. 26 (2015), pp. 337–341.
‘International Military Manuals as Sources of Law or Guidance for Best Practice in Military Operations’, Arne Willy Dahl, PBS No. 203, 21 April 2026.

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Oslo, 2010
74 pages.
The Second Edition was published on 19 April 2010.
The First Edition was published on 12 July 2007.
ISBN e-book: 978-82-93081-01-2.
ISBN print: 978-82-93081-00-5.
PURL: https://www.toaep.org/ps-pdf/1-bergsmo-hayashi-harlem-second.
Topic: This anthology addresses how States import the core international crimes – genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes – into national criminal law, a requirement flowing from the International Criminal Court’s complementarity principle and treaty obligations. Based on a 2006 Oslo seminar held as Norway prepared its new penal code, it surveys the approaches and techniques available to national legislators, presented by the International Committee of the Red Cross’ Stéphane J. Hankins, and examines two leading models in depth: Canada’s Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act (2000) and Germany’s Code of Crimes under International Law (2002). A supplementary article by Mads Harlem catalogues war crimes omitted from the ICC Statute that national law should nonetheless criminalize.
Keywords: National implementation of the Rome Statute; core international crimes in national law; domestic war crimes legislation; complementarity principle; Völkerstrafgesetzbuch; war crimes not in the ICC Statute; incorporation of international crimes.
Contributors: Alf Butenschøn Skre, Claus Kreß, Håkan Friman, Joseph Rikhof, Mads Harlem, Morten Bergsmo, Nobuo Hayashi, Stéphane J. Hankins, Trygve G. Nordby, Tørris Jæger.